Anti-Inflammatory Drug Tests

Anti-Inflammatory Drug Tests The method described by Lorke with slight modification was used to determine the safety of the MEA. Briefly, normal healthy male mice were divided into groups of five mice in each cage. MEA (100 and 1000 mg/kg) or vehicle were intraperitoneally administered. Access to food and water, toxic symptoms and the general behavior of mice were observed continuously for 1 h after the treatment, intermittently for 4 h, and thereafter over a period of 24 h. The mice were further observed for up to 14 days following treatment for any signs of toxicity and mortality. Result Over the study duration of 14 days, there were no deaths recorded in the groups of mice given 100 or 1000 mg/kg IP of MEA. During the observation period, MEA administration did not induce any variations in the general appearance or toxic signs in the animals. The writhing test has long been used as a screening tool for the assessment of analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties of new substances (Collier et al., 1968). This m ethod presents a good sensitivity, although it has poor specificity. To avoid misinterpretation of the results, in the present study the antinociceptive effects of MEA were confirmed in the formalin test, a model of inflammatory pain which has two distinctive phases which may indicate different types of pain (Hunskaar and Hole, 1987). The early and late phases of formalin test have obvious differential properties, and therefore this test is useful not only for assessing the analgesic substances, but also for elucidating the mechanism of analgesia (Shibata et al., 1989). The early phase,  named non-inflammatory pain, is a result of direct stimulation of nociceptors and reflects centrally-mediated pain; the late phase,  named inflammatory pain, is caused by local inflammation with a release of inflammatory and hyperalgesic mediators (Hunskaar  and Hole, 1987). The thermal model of the tail-flick test is considered to be a spinal reflex, but could also involve higher neural struc tures, and therefore this method identifies mainly central analgesics (Jensen and Yaksh, 1986; Le Bars et al., 2001). Due to their implication in virtually all human and animal diseases, inflammation and pain have become the focus of global scientific research. Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids have necessitated the search for new drugs with minimal side effects (Dharmasiri et al.,2003; Vittalrao et al., 2011). The current trend of research is the investigation of medicines of plant origin because of their affordability and accessibility with minimal side effects. The thermal model of the tail-flick test is considered to be a spinal reflex, but could also involve higher neural structures, and therefore this method identifies mainly central analgesics (Jensen and Yaksh, 1986; Le Bars et al., 2001). The analgesic activity of Cyathula prostrata in this study was investigated using the hot plate and mouse writhing tests. The hot plate test is useful for the evaluation of centrally acting analgesics which are known to elevate the pain threshold of mice towards  heat (Hiruma-Lima et al., 2000). It also indicates narcotic involvement with opioid receptor (Turner, 1965). The writhing model is a sensitive method for screening peripheral analgesic efficacy agents and it is more sensitive to non-steroidal analgesics (Collier et al., 1963). The analgesic effect of acetic acid is due to the liberation and increased level of several mediators such as histamine and serotonin which act by stimulation of peripheral nociceptive neurons (Cui et al., 2010).

Middle East Resturant and Supermarket Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Middle East Resturant and Supermarket - Essay Example This paper discusses a business plan that Best Choice, a new medium sized restaurant and supermarket located in Sydney, will emulate in its effort to serve its market segment. Being a business that is focused at providing its Middle East based customers with quality food and Coffee, Best Choice will employ various marketing strategies in order to remain competitive in the local market. Mission statement Best Choice mission is to provide excellent services to the Arab community with an aim of increasing its total sales. Additionally, the business is focused on providing quality foods that are in line with the culture of the Canadian people thus resulting to a strong customer loyalty and trust. Our focus is establishing strong positive relationship with our customers with an aim of increasing annual sales and enjoying sustainable profits. Management team Best Choice will be owned by the founders, Abdulaziz, Nawaf and Saad. In order to ensure that the objectives of the business are achi eved, Best Choice is in the process of training new employees who will take over the management duties in future. In its effort to ensure that the directors are aware of their duties, the firm has initiated effective allocation of tasks. For example, Abdulaziz will be in charge of the whole business. This includes approval of budgets and payments to suppliers, chairing of all the company meetings among other duties. Nawaf, on the other hand, will be responsible for recruiting and training of new employees as well as being in charge of personal facilities in the company. Saad main duties include ensuring the safety of the workers in addition to procuring of the goods and services that the business will require in its operations. The chart below indicates the organizational arrangement that the business will emulate. Objectives To increase sales by over 20,000 $ in the first year of operation To increase the level of satisfaction for our customers Present our culture to all our custom ers in the local and international market. Marketing approach Best Choice will first target Arab community. Similarly, the business is targeted at attracting more local people including Canadians who are working in Sydney. Due to its needs to increase annual sales, the restaurant targets middle aged people. In our effort to create a strong positive relationship with customers, we will provide two key ways that our customers will use to buy their products. These include walking into the store and ordering the delivery of their favorite products through the telephone. In our endeavor to maintain loyalty of our customers, we will emulate a marketing mix that includes the 4Ps (product, price, promotion and place.) Product Best Choice main products include Arabic food and beverages. Through the product diversification, our firm is focused on providing quality brands that meet the needs of local people. It is worth noting that due to the increasing population in Sydney, our business will enjoy an increased demand of our primary products thus resulting to high sales. Price Our business aim is to offer low priced products without compromising the quality. Since our target market is the middle aged consumers, our low prices will attract the attention of new and young consumers who are not financially very stable. To ensure that we have a reasonable control of the market, we are focused at adopting penetrative pricing technique. This will entail lowering

Psychological Measures Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychological Measures - Article Example A person can be diagnosed properly once a Beck Depression Inventory has been administered. The score ranges from 0 - 63 because 21 measures of behaviour are either at a level of 0 (never), 1, 2 or 3 (frequently) allowing a concrete measure to establish whether an individual has depression or not. An analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory measure, the environment where a Beck Depression Inventory result will be most effective, and a description of who can determine a person's BDI are listed in the following paragraphs. A Beck Depression Inventory scale asks four questions, each increasingly more representative of a depressive disorder diagnosis, in 21 different categories. The 21 items in a Beck Depression Inventory are feelings of sadness, frustration over the future, being a failure, anhedonia, guilt, deserving punishment, disappointment with self, self-blame, suicidal ideation, crying, irritability, losing interest in others, indecisiveness, physical appearance, ability to work, sleep problems, fatigue, appetite, weight loss, concerns about health, and sexual disinterest. A measure of 17 is the cutoff point to the Beck Depression Inventory score. One article uses a sample of 16 grade 9 students and 16 grade 11 students to create an analysis that demonstrates a Beck Depression Analysis.